VET INDEX | ANIMAL INDEX - OLD VET TREATMENTS AND REMEDIES.
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FARMING INDEX - OLD FARM PRACTICES AND REMEDIES FOR ANIMALS, PLANTS AND FIXING THINGS.
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MEDICINES AND THEIR CLASSES.
Alkalies are caustic bases, are soluble in water and alcohol, unite with oils and fats to form soap, neutralize and change reddened litmus paper to blue, &c. Potash, soda, ammonia, lime, and magnesia are the chief alkalies.
Alkaloids are usually powerful poisons or active med icines. Those chiefly used are morphine, atrophine, quin ine, cocaine, pilocarpine, ergotinine, coniine, nicotine, and sparteine. Alkaloids are salifiable bases, that is, they are capable of combining with an acid to form a salt. They are mostly derived from vegetable plants, in which they are usually the active principle. Alkaloid means a kind or form of alkali.
Alteratives influence the amount and kind of tissue change going on in different organs and cells. Sodium chloride, sulphate, phosphate, acetate, and biborate ; pot assium nitrate, ammonium chloride and carbonate, and probably all salts excreted by the kidneys, increase tissue change and the quantity of urea excreted. The urea is a component part of the urine.
Anesthetics (Anaesthetics) diminish and absorb sen sation. Chloroform, ether, chloral hydrate, nitrous oxide, chloride of olefiant gas, light coal-tar naphtha, &c. Used locally (that is, for certain spots)—cocaine, carbolic acid, and iodoform.
Anaphrodisiacs diminish sexual passion. Ice or cold water locally ; potassium iodide and bromide ; purgatives, digitalis, and camphor ; a spare diet and steady work.
Anhydrotics check perspiration and skin secretion. Belladonna and atrophine, picotoxine, nux vomica, salts of zinc, &c.
MEDICINES AND THEIR CLASSES.
31
Anodynes relieve pain. Opium, morphine, anesthetics in small doses, belladonna, atrophihe, chloral, conium, hyoscyamus, stramonium, &c.
Antacids obviate acidity of the stomach. They consist of the alkalies, namely, potash, soda, ammonia ; the alka line earths, lime and magnesia, and their carbonates and bicarbonates, &c. Horses instinctively lick lime-washed walls or eat earth when suffering from acidity of the stomach.
Anthelmintics kill or expel intestinal worms. For bots—green food ; a combination of aloes, asafetida, tur pentine, and ether. For tapeworms—areca-nut, filixmas, kamala, kousso, pomegranate, turpentine, and chloroform. For round worms—santonin, santonica (wormseed plant). For thread worms—turpentine and essential oils, tannin and tannin-containing substances ; santonin, santonica ; with injections of common salt, iron chloride, or lime- water. For fluke worms—maintain strength by good feed ing; common salt and soluble iron salts exert general tonic effects and limited vermicide action ; a physic has tens expulsion of the flukes.
Antiperiodics mitigate the severity or prevent the recurrence of certain diseases. Cinchona, quinine, and arsenic are reliable antiperiodics.
Antiphlogistics.—See ‘ Antipyretics.’
Antipyretics lower the temperature of the body in fever. They embrace cinchona alkaloids, benzoic, car bolic, and salicylic acids, salicylicates, salicin, camphor, eucalyptol, thymol and other essential oils, alcohol, anti- monial salts, aconite, digitalis, veratrine, nitrous ether, antipyrin, opium, ipecac, cold bath, wet pack, cold drinks, ice to surface, &c.
Antiseptics arrest putrefaction. Carbolic, nitric, hy drochloric, sulphuric, salicylic, and boric acids, corrosive sublimate, iodine, creosote, zinc and iron chlorides, iodo- form, ethereal oils, alcohol, eucalyptus, &c. Antiseptics
32 MEDICINES AND THEIR CLASSES.
may yet be discovered capable of checking the multipli cation of septic germs in the blood and tissues, as they now do in a wound, or external to the body. (Dun.)
Antispasmodics prevent or remove spasms. Sulphuric ether, valerian, asafetida, musk, castor and aromatic oils, alkaline bromides, salts of silver, zinc, and copper.
Antizymotics not only arrest fermentation, but they destroy the several classes of ferments. Corrosive subli- mate, chlorine, iodine, bromine ; sulphurous, carbolic, boric, salicylic, and benzoic acids; many metallic solu tions ; temperatures above 200° F.
Aperients.—See ‘ Purgatives.’
Aphrodisiacs increase sexual appetite. When there is lack of vigor, the most rational treatment consists in the administration of tonics—iron, strychnine, &c. Canthar- ides is unsafe.
Astringents contract the tissues with which they come in contact and diminish their secretions. Alum, lime, chalk, salts of the heavier metals, acids, and alcohol, with tannic acid and such tannin-containing substances as oak bark and catechu.
Blisters.—Cantharides, glacial acetic acid, turpentine, strong ammonia, and boiling water. See ‘ Counter-irrita tion.’
Carminatives allay pain by causing the expulsion of flatus (gases) from the stomach and intestines. They are closely allied to antispasmodics. Chief among them are the various aromatic oils, with ginger, mustard, peppers, alcohol, ethers, and chloroform. Carbonic acid gas is neutralized by ammonia preparations ; sulphurated and carbureted hydrogen gases by solutions of chlorine or lime chloride.
Cataplasms.—See ‘ Poultices.’
Cathartics.—See ‘ Purgatives.’
Caustics burn and disorganize the parts to which they are applied, causing sloughing. The most active are called
MEDICINES AND THEIR CLASSES. 33
escharotics ; they are also called corrosives. They consist of the concentrated mineral acids and alkalies, glacial acetic acid, carbolic acid, chromic acid, antimony chloride, arsenic, bromine, and the soluble salts of the heavy metals.
Charges.—See ‘ Plasters.’
Cholagogues.—See ‘ Purgatives.’
Counter-Irritation is irritation of a healthy part to counteract irritation or disease of a contiguous part. Mus tard, croton oil, tartar emetic, iodine, mercurial ointment, mercuric iodide, vinegar of cantharides, and water (nearly boiling).
Demulcents soothe, soften, and ensheathe parts ; they act mechanically chiefly and resemble emollients. Gums, mucilage, linseed, cottonwool and collodion, fullers’ earth, starch, molasses, gelatin, albumin, fats, oils, glycerine, and milk.
Deodorizers destroy smells. Chlorine, chloride of lime, carbolic, sulphurous, and cresylic acids, iodine dissolved in amyl-hydride, Condy’s fluid, McDougall’s powder, &c.
Diaphoretics excite perspiration. They are uncertain as a class. They are all indirect agents ; some sedative, others excitant, and cannot therefore be used indiscrimi nately in disease. Ammonia acetate solution, sweet spirit of niter, sulphuric ether, diluted spirits, jaborandi, ipecac, or Dover’s powder, warm or vapor baths—100° to 120° F.
Diluents.—All watery drinks are diluents.
Disinfectants destroy the specific poisons of communi cable diseases. Chlorine, chlorinated lime, carbolic acid, sulphurous acid, corrosive sublimate solutions, iodine, &c.
Diuretics act on the kidneys and increase their secre tions. Digitalis ; alcohol, strophanthus, squill, strychnine, caffeine, broom, turpentine, juniper, copaiba, cantharides, nitrites, liquor potassæ, potassium acetate, &c. Ball for horse— ½ oz. each of niter, resin, and soft soap, daily for 4 or 5 days. If it is desirable to increase the solid as well as the watery parts of the urine, add 10 or 15 grains
34
MEDICINES AND THEIR CLASSES.
of powdered digitalis. The same ingredients, dissolved in a pint of water, make a diuretic drink for the cow.
Ecbolics expel the contents of the uterus; they cause abortion or hasten birth. Ergot, hydrastis, savin, and thuja. Ergot is the only one is general use.
Emetics cause vomiting. Luke warm water, bitter in fusions, solutions of salt, mustard, alum, ammonium car bonate, copper and zinc sulphates ; tartar emetic, ipecac, emetine, apomorphine, senega, squill.
Emollients soften, soothe, and relax parts. They re semble ‘ demulcents ’ (which see), and include many of the medicines specified in that class. Warmth or moder ate heat, generated by fomentations, poultices, lint, flan nel, or woolen cloth, and retained by a waterproof cover ing, are a species of emollient. Fats, oils, lanolin, vaselin, paraffin, with soap and other liniments, are emollients.
Emulsions are soft, smooth, milk-like mixtures of oil or resin, suspended in gum, soap, alkali, or white of egg.
Expectorants aid in removing secretions from the air passages. Those of a depressant type are such as the an- timonials, alkalies in small doses, ipecac, lobelia, jabo- randi, apomorphine, and potassium iodide. The stimula ting are such as the acids, ammonium salts, nux vomica, senega, squill, balsams, terebinth mates, sulphur, sulphur oils, and saccharines (sweets).
Febrifuges.—See ‘ Antipyretics.’
Fomentations are topical baths. They usually consist of water alone, but vinegar, salines, &c., are sometimes added. They are usually made with a sponge or soft rags, tow, or lint. The temperature ranges from 100°, 110°, 120° F., and upward.
Germicides destroy germs or bacteria. Sodium hydro- fluosilicate (recently discovered) is a cheap and safe ger micide. (Dun.) Corrosive sublimate, chlorine, chlorina ted lime, bromine, iodine, quinine, beberine, &c., are all good germicides, especially corrosive sublimate.
MEDICINES AND THEIR CLASSES.
35
Infusions are made by digesting vegetable substances or drugs in hot water (usually 1 part of drugs to 20 of water) 15 minutes to 2 hours. Avoid boiling.
Lotions (washes) are watery solutions for external use, especially in chronic skin diseases. Strong lotions may be used as counter-irritants. Lotions for the eye are usually called collyria.
Narcotics are soothers as well as stupefiers. Opium, morphine, ether, chloroform, aconite, belladonna, digitalis, hyoscyamus, stramonium, conium, &c.
Plasters usually contain lead oxide, conjoined with resin, wax, soap, fats, tar, or pitch, spread on calico, linen, or leather.
Poultices are made of linseed meal, bran, or oatmeal, stirred into boiling water until the fitting consistence is reached ; or of carrots or turnips, either steamed or boiled. Bread and starch make mild porous poultices for ab scesses ; spent hops for light poultices. Apply in flannel bag or folded flannel.
Purgatives evacuate the bowels. They are usually clas sified as follows : Laxatives or Aperients—small doses of oil, magnesia, sulphur and molasses, with fruit, roots, and green vegetable food. Simple Purgatives—full doses of oils, aloes, and the various species of rhamnus. Drastic Purgatives—croton oil, colocynth, elaterium, gamboge, and podophyllin. Hydragogues—elaterium, gamboge, croton oil, &c., with large doses of the more active salines. Cholagogues—calomel and other mercurial preparations, aloes, jalap, podophyllin, and euonymin, for bile. Salines —(See ‘ Salines,’ page 36.) Purgatives and other irritants should be used cautiously in the case of the horse. If possible, the animal should be restricted to mash diet or green food for 24 hours previous to taking a purgative.
Refrigerants allay heat and thirst. Water, particles of ice, acidulated drinks, mild mucilaginous fluids, allay thirst and stimulate the secretion of saliva.
36 MEDICINES AND THEIR CLASSES.
Rubefacients cause slight redness of the skin and con gestion. Ammonia solutions, mustard, iodine, mild prep arations of cantharides, arnica, alcohol, ether, chloroform (if not allowed to evaporate), turpentine and many other volatile oils, with smart friction and moderate heat, such as that from a smoothing iron. The smoothing iron is good for rheumatism and enlarged joints.
Salines contain a salt or have the properties of a salt. They consist of the neutral salts of the alkalies and alka line earths, such as magnesium sulphate and citrate, sul phate of soda, potassium tartrate and bitartrate, &c. As before said, ‘ magnesium sulphate,’ is simply Epsom salt (commonly called ‘ salts’ ).
Sedatives lessen the force and frequency of the hearth’s action. Aconite, veratrum viridi, and the antimonials ; also digitalis, lead acetate, opium, ergot, and topical ap plications.
Sialagogues increase the secretion of saliva. Acids, alkalies, ethers, mustard, ginger ; jaborandi, calabar bean, and their alkaloids ; mercury, tobacco, iodide of potassi um, &c.
Soporifics or Hypnotics induce sleep. Opium, mor phine, alcohol hydrate, croton-chloral, hyoscyamus, can- nabis, bromides, &c.
Stimulants.—Ammonium and its carbonate, alcoholic solutions, capsicum, nux vomica, ether, chloroform, oil of turpentine and other volatile oils, aromatic oils, camphor, opium and cocaine in small doses, &c.
Styptics are astringents specially used to arrest effusion of blood from injured surfaces or vessels. They are (1) matico, tow, lint, or pressure ; (2) most astringents and caustics (which see) ; (3) ergot, digitalis, ether spray, lead acetate, ice, &c.
Sudorifics.—See ‘ Diaphoretics.’
Suppurants inflame the deep seated skin tissues and bring pus. Euphorbium, croton oil, tartar emetic, mer-
MEDICINES AND THEIR CLASSES. 37
cury biniodide ointment ; also cantharides, mustard and other active blisters, when repeatedly applied to the same spot.
Tonics impart strength. Sulphuric acid, nitric acid, iron, iron and copper sulphates, arsenic, cinchona, quinine, quassia, cocaine, cod-liver oil, gentian, silver nitrate, zinc oxide, buchu, &c. Heart Tonics—digitalis and its alka loids, casca (doom) and its active principle, erythrophlœin, strophanthus hispid us, squill, caffeine, nux vomica, and strychnine.
Vermicides.—See ‘ Anthelmintics,’
Vermifuges.—See ‘ Anthelmintics.’
Vesicants.—See ‘ Blisters.’
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