VET INDEX | ANIMAL INDEX - OLD VET TREATMENTS AND REMEDIES.
|
FARMING INDEX - OLD FARM PRACTICES AND REMEDIES FOR ANIMALS, PLANTS AND FIXING THINGS.
|
|
and please share with your online friends.
MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES.
Acid, Acetic.—Is used externally only.
Acid, Hydrochloric.—Of diluted or medicinal acid horses take 1/2 to 2 drams * (drachms), cattle 2 to 4 drams, sheep and swine 15 to 20 drops, in 40 or 50 times its bulk of water, often given with bitters and iron.
Acid, Nitric.—Of diluted medicinal acid horses and cattle take 1 to 2 drams, sheep and swine 10 to 20 drops, largely diluted with water ; often conjoined with bitters. For external use, a dram in a pint of water is strong enough for all except escharotic (caustic) purposes. An ointment and a paste are also used.
Acid, Nitro-Hydrochloric.—Diluted and in the same doses as nitric acid.
Acid, Sulphuric.—Horses take of the medicinal acids 1 to 2 drams, cattle 2 to 4 drams, sheep -¾- to 1 dram, swine 10 to 20 drops, several times a day, freely diluted and often conjoined with aromatics and bitters. As an external astringent, 10 to 20 drops of medicinal acid are mixed with an ounce of water.
Aconite.—Horses, 20 to 30 drops ; cattle 1/2 to 1 dram; sheep and swine, 5 to 10 drops. Fleming’s tincture of aconite is about 4 times stronger than most others, and must be used accordingly.
* A teaspoon contains 1 fluid dram ; a dessertspoon 2 ; a tablespoon 1-2 a fluid ounce ; a wine glass 2 to 2 1-2 fluid ounces ; teacups 5 to 7 fluid ounces; common tumblers from 8 to 10 fluid ounces.
In apothecaries’ weight 20 grains make 1 scruple, 3 scruples 1 dram, 8 drams 1 ounce ; (pound not used except at wholesale, when 16 ounces, avoirdupois, is the standard). In fluid measure 60 minims make 1 dram, 8 drams 1 ounce, 16 ounces 1 pint, 2 pints 1 quart, 4 quarts 1 gallon. In England 20 ounces make 1 pint, imperial measure.
14
MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES.
Alcohol.—Of rectified spirit, that is, alcohol made from grain, not the kind made from wood, horses take about 1 oz. (ounce), cattle 1 to 3 oz., sheep 1/2 oz., swine 2 drams. Rectified spirit is also called spirit of wine. Whisky, gin, and brandy are about half the strength of rectified spirit ; sherry and port about a third the strength of whisky ; ale about half the strength of sherry and port. In critical cases they have to be given at Intervals of 1 or 2 hours.
Aloes—Horses. 2 to 10 drams ; cattle, 1 to 2 ounces; sheep, 1/2 to 1 ounce ; swine, 2 to 5 drams, twice a day. For colts allow 5 grains for every week of their age. Aloes purge the blood as well as the bowels.
Alums.—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drams; sheep and swine, 20 grains to 2 drams, in ball or solution.
Ammoniæ Liquor Fortior.—Horses, 1 to 2 drams; cattle, 2 to 4 drams ; sheep and swine, 1 dram. Liquor ammoniæ and aromatic spirit of ammoniæ, being about half the strength, are given in double doses.
Ammonium Carbonate.—Horses, 2 to 4 drams; cat tle, 3 to 6 drams ; sheep and swine, 15 to 60 grains, in ball, linseed meal, or gruel. Used cold.
Ammonium Chloride.—In same doses as ammonium carbonate.
Ammonii Acetatis (Liquor).-—-Horses and cattle, 1 to 4 ounces, given in 5 or 6 parts of water, diluted spirit, or linseed tea. Diluted spirit means half alcohol and half water.
Amyl-Nitrite.—Horses and cattle, 3 to 10 drops. Try small dose first. When given hypodermically, half doses usually suffice. Inhaled, on sugar or in draught, with rectified spirit or ether.
Anise.—Horses, 1 oz. ; cattle, 1 to 2 oz. ; sheep and swine, 2 to 3 drams, several times daily, powdered. Anise oil, mixed with a little spirit and olive or other mild oil, destroys lice. Linseed, palm, and cod liver are also mild oils. ‘ A little spirit’ means alcohol (in proportion.)
MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES. 15
Antimony Tartrate (Tartar Emetic).—When given to horses or cattle for sedative, alterative, or expectorant effects, 1 to 4 drams, 3 or 4 times daily, in ball or solu- tion. As an emetic for swine, 4 to 10 grains.
Areca-Nut.—Horses, 4 to 6 drams, in soup, mucilage, or milk. Also called catechu or betel-nut palm.
Arnica, Tincture.—Horses. 4 drams to l once ; cat tle double the quantity, in water, ale, or gruel. J
Arsenic.—Horses and cattle, 1 to 6 grains ; sheep 1 to 2 grains. Usually given once a day for 8 or 10 days
Asafetida.—Horses, 2 to 4 drams ; cattle, 1 ounce ; sheep, 1 dram, several times daily, in ball or solution.
Atrophine (Sulphate).—Horses and cattle, 1 to 3 drams. Hypodermically, 1-5 or less the quantity. For prompt and marked antispasmoclic and anodyne effects, it should be combined with equal parts of morphine. |
Belladonna.—Of the dried powdered leaves horses and cattle take about 2 ounces. It is usually made into ex tracts, succus, or tincture. Of the green extract (British Pharmacopeia process), horses take 1 to 2 drams, cattle 2 to 3 drams, sheep 10 to 20 grains.
Bismuth.—Of the sub-nitrate horses take 1 to 2 drams.
Boric Acid.—Horses and cattle, 3 to 6. drams ; colts and calves, 20 to 30 grains.
Bromides.—Horses, 1 to 2 drams, in ball or water.
Broom.—Horses, 1 ounce of the succus (the fluid ob tained by pressing plants, flesh, &c.)
Buchu.—Of the leaves horses and cattle take 1 to 4 ounces, in linseed tea or barley water.
Caffeine.—Horses, 10 grains; hypodermically (under the skin), 5 grains.
Calabar Bean.—Horses and cattle,--15 to 30 grains.
Calcium Oxide.—Of quicklime horses and cattle take 1 to 2 drams, sheep 20 to 30 grains. Of lime-water horses and cattle, 4 to 5 ounces ; sheep, 2 drams to 1 ounce. Two ounces of lime-water and gentian infusion often check
16 MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES.
diarrhea in feeble calves ; half the dose for sheep. For calves and dogs saccharated lime is used as an antacid and stomachic. It is made by rubbing an ounce of slaked lime with two ounces of sugar, transferring the mixture to a bottle containing a pint of water, shaking, and sep arating the clear solution with a siphon. It renders the milk conveniently alkaline, without diluting it as the lime- water does. Antacids obviate acidity of the stomach.
Calcium Carbonate.—Horses, 1 to 2 oz. ; cattle, 2 to 4 oz. ; sheep, 2 to 4 drams ; swine, 1 to 2 drams, in ball or solution.
Calcium Chlorata.—Horses, 1 to 2 drams; cattle, 2 to 4 drams ; sheep, about 1 dram.
Calcium Phosphate.—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 drams ; sheep, 5 to 10 grains, in food.
Calomel.—See ‘Mercurous Chloride.’
Camphor.—Horses, 1 to 2 drams ; cattle, 2 to 4 drams; sheep and swine, 20 to 40 grains. For external use dis solve in 6 or 8 parts of proof spirit, linseed oil, or oil of turpentine. Proof spirit consists of 5 pints of rectified spirit and 3 pints of water.
Cannabis Indica.—Horses and cattle take the extract in 1/2 to 1 dram doses. Tincture—horses, 1 to 2 drams ; cattle, 2 to 4 drams.
Cantharides.—Horses, 4 to 20 grains ; cattle, 10 to 20 grains ; sheep and swine, 2 to 8 grains, once or twice a day.
Carbolic Acid.—Horses and cattle, 15 to 40 drops; sheep and swine, 5 to 8 drops, in ball, water, or glycer ine and water. Better in fluid.
Cascarilla Bark.—Horses, 2 to 4 drams ; cattle, 1 oz. ; sheep and swine, 1 to 2 drams, in ball, infusion, or tincture.
Castor Oil.—Horses and cattle, about a pint; sheep and swine, 2 to 4 oz., alone or with gruel, milk, or aro- matics.
Catechu.—Horses, 1 to 3 drams ; cattle, 2 to 6 drams;
MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES. 17
sheep and swine, 1 to 2 drams, 3 or 4 times a day, in mucilage or gruel.
Chamomile Flowers.—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz. ; calves, sheep, and swine, 1 dram. Sometimes used as fomentations and poultices.
Charcoal (Carbon).—Horses, 4 drams to 1 oz. ; cattle, 1 oz. ; sheep and swine, 1 to 3 drams, in. gruel or other mucilaginous fluid.
Chloral (Hydrate).—Horses, 2 to 4 drams; cattle, 4 drams to 1 oz. ; sheep and swine, 1/2 to 2 drams, in sirup (syrup), every 2 or 3 hours.
Chlorine is made by heating common salt and man ganese black oxide with sulphuric acid. The gas is in haled or the fresh solution applied in spray for ulcerated or diphtheritic sore throat in horses, and to abate the discharge and fetor in diseases of the facial and frontal sinuses (cavities). Both destroy the mites infesting the air-passages of calves and lambs. The liquor chlori (wa ter charged with chlorine gas) is often introduced into the windpipe. Chlorine is irritant, stimulant, antiseptic (opposed to putrefaction), deodorant, and disinfectant.
Chloroform.—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 oz. ; sheep and swine, 4 drams to 1 oz. ; given on blotting paper or sponge for sheep and swine ; on sponge or in bag for horses and cattle ; put sponge in nostril. The chloro formed horse must have its knees protected with stout caps. Internal dose—horses and cattle, 1 to 2 drams ; sheep and swine, 20 to 40 drops, in sirup, mucilage, whisked egg, or weak alcohol, every 2 or 3 hours.
Chloroform, Spirit of.—Horses, 1 oz. ; cattle, 2 oz. ; sheep and swine, 2 to 6 drams, in water.
Cinchona.—Horses, 2 to 4 drams ; cattle, 1 to 2 oz. ; sheep and swine, 1 to 4 drams, 2 or 3 times daily for several days, reducing the dose or intermitting for a day or two if nausea occurs. The above doses are for the bark. An infusion is made by digesting for 1 hour, in a
18
MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES.
covered vessel, 1 part of red bark in No. 40 powder with 1/4 part of aromatic sulphuric acid and 20 parts of water ; strain. A tincture is made by maceration and percolation of 4 ounces of red bark, No. 40 powder, in 1 pint of proof spirit.
Quinine is made by boiling the bruised cinchona bark with diluted hydrochloric acid, and mixing the filtered solution with lime until it is alkaline, when a precipitate falls ; is collected and boiled with alcohol, which dissolves both the quinine and cinchonine. Quinine is obtained from different cinchonas, but chiefly from the yellow, and is the active principle of those valuable drugs. Horses and cattle, 20 grains to 1 dram ; sheep and swine, 5 to 20 grains, in ball, pill, or solution, 2 or 3 times daily.
Cinnamon.—Horses 4 drams to 1 oz. of the bark, 20 drops to 1 dram of the oil, on sugar, in sirup, &c.
Cod Liver Oil.—Horses, 2 oz. ; cattle, 2 to 4 oz. ; sheep, 1 oz. ; swine, 4 drams to 1 oz., twice a day and repeated for weeks, omitting if diarrhea sets in ; given in milk, gruel, eggs, &c.
Colchicum (Autumn Crocus or Meadow Saffron).— Horses, 1/2 to 1 dram ; cattle, 1 to 2 drams ; sheep, 10 to 25 grains ; swine, 2 to 8 grains, powdered and given in salines. Salines contain a salt, or have the properties of a salt.
Copper Sulphate (Blue Vitriol).—Horses, 1 to 2 drams ; cattle, 1 to 4 drams ; sheep, 20 to 30 grains ; swine, 5 to 10 grains, in ball or solution, twice a day.
Creosote.—Horses, 10 to 30 drops ; cattle, 1/2 to 1 dram ; sheep, 5 to 15 drops ; swine, 2 to 10 drops, in ball or sirup.
Croton Seed and Croton Oil—Horses, 10 to 12 seeds (3 grains to each seed) ; cattle, 15 to 20 seeds ; sheep, 3 to 4 seeds ; swine, 2 to 3 seeds. Of the oil, horses, 15 to 25 drops ; cattle, 1/2 to 2 drams ; sheep and swine, 5 to 10 drops.
Corrosive Sublimate.--See ‘ Mercuric Chloride.’
MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES.
19
Curare (A South American arrow poison).—Horses and cattle, 1/2 to 1 grain. It is more effective if injected intra venously or subcutaneously (into a vein or under the skin).
Digitalis.—(So called because the flower resembles a finger stall ; also called Fox Glove.) Of the powdered leaves horses take 10 to 30 grains ; cattle, 1/2 to 1 dram ; sheep, 8 to 15 grains ; swine, 2 to 10 grains. Of the tincture, horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drams ; sheep, 1 dram. The fluid extract made in the United States is nearly 10 times as strong as the B. P. (British Pharmacopeia) tinc ture. A horse was poisoned by two ounces of the pow dered leaves in twelve hours. In some cases six drams have caused death in from twelve to sixteen hours.
Epsom Salt.—See ‘ Magnesium Sulphate.’
Ergot (of Rye).—As an ecbolic for the mare or cow, 1/2 to 1 oz. ; for sheep and swine, 1 dram, every 1/2 or 1 hour. Swallow dregs and all. Sometimes 100 lbs. of hay yields
1 lb. of ergot. Ecbolics are used to cause abortion or to hasten parturition. Avoid ergot pastures in grazing.
Ergotin.—Horses and cattle, 15 to 25 grains. When used hypodermically, smaller doses should first be tried. Ether.—As a stimulant horses take 1 to 2 oz. ; cattle,
2 to 3 oz. ; sheep and swine, 2 to 4 drams, in cold water, diluted spirit, &c.
Eucalyptus (Blue Gum Tree).—Horses and cattle, 1 dram, in diluted spirit, mucilage, or milk.
Fern Root.—Of the powdered root horses and cattle take 1/2 lb. ; sheep, 3 to 5 oz. Liquid extract—horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drams; sheep, 1 dram. The extract is less bulky and surer.
Galls.—Of tannic acid horses take 20 grains to 2 drams ; cattle, 3 drams ; sheep and swine, 15 to 30 grains. Tan- nic acid is the principle to which oak-bark galls, log wood and many vegetable astringents owe their properties. Galls, tannic and gallic acids differ only in the degree of their action.
20 MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES.
Gamboge (A Gum Resin).—Cattle, ½ to 1 oz. ; sheep, 20 to 30 grains, given with other purgatives and in so lution.
Gentian—Horses, ½. to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 2 oz. ; sheep, 1 to 3 drams ; swine, ½ to 1 dram, 2 or 3 times daily, in ball or infusion.
Ginger.—Horses, 4 drams to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 3 oz.; sheep, 1 to 2 drams ; swine, ½ to 1 dram, in ball.
Gum Arabic.—Horses and cattle, 2 to 3 oz. ; foals, calves, and sheep, 1 oz.
Glycerine, given shortly before meals, is useful in checking undue gastric (stomach) fermentation, acidity, and flatulence, both in calves and dogs. It is the basis of many dressings for blisters, burns, cracked heels, &c.
Hellebore.—Do not use without medical advice. A powdered ounce, with 2 ounces of alum, dissolved in a gallon of hot water, will destroy caterpillars.
Hemlock.—Of the fluid horses and cattle take 2 to 4 oz. ; sheep and swine, ½ to 1 oz. Neither the dried leaves nor fruit is reliable.
Henbane (Hyoscyamus Leaves).—(Poison Tobacco, Stinking Nightshade.) Of the tincture horses and cattle take 1 oz. The extract is 6 times as strong as the tinc ture. Hyoscyamine, usually given as a neutral sulphate, is 100 times more active than the extract. Sometimes used hypodermically. The leaves and seed are the parts used in medicine. Eaten by swine.
Iodine.—Horses, 20 grains to 1 dram ; cattle, ½ to l½ dram ; sheep, 15 to 40 grains ; swine, 10 to 20 grains, 1 or 2 times daily, 2 hours after eating, for a week or 10 days, omitting for a day or two if necessary.
Ipecac (lpecacuanha).—Of the powder, as an emetic, swine take 20 to 30 grains, in tepid water, either alone or with ½ to 1 grain of tartar emetic. Some use Dover’s powder (1 part each of ipecac and opium and 8 parts of potassium sulphate). Of this expectorant and diaphoretic
MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES. 21
horses and cattle take 1 to 3 drams ; sheep, 30 grains to 1 dram, several times daily. Plenty of diluents ; clothe comfortably ; atmosphere 60° F. Expectorants induce coughing, hawking, and spitting. Diaphoretics excite perspiration. All watery drinks are diluents.
Iron, Sulphate (Green Vitriol).—Horses, ½ to 2 drams ; cattle, 1 to 4 drams ; sheep, 10 to 30 grains ; swine, 5 to 20. The smaller doses are given as tonics and for the blood, the larger as astringents, 2 or 3 times daily, in ball, solution, or food.
Iron, Iodide.—Same doses as iron sulphate. Avoid overdoses.
Iron, Chloride.—Of the medicinal liquor and tincture horses and cattle take ½ to 1 oz. ; sheep, 20 to 30 drops ; swine, 10 to 20 drops. Taken at the same intervals and for the same purposes as sulphate of iron, above.
Jaborandi.—Of the fresh leaves, as an infusion, horses and cattle take 2 to 4 drams ; sheep and swine, ½ to 1 dram. Pilocarpine nitrate or hydrochlorate (a component part of jaborandi), is used hypodermically in horses and cattle in 1 to 2 grain doses.
Jalap.—As a purgative for swine, 1 to 4 drams, com bined with a grain or two of calomel.
Juniper.—Of the fruit as a stomachic horses and cat tle take 1 to 3 oz. ; sheep, 2 to 4 drams, several times a day, coarsely powdered and mixed with fodder. Of the oil, distilled from the unripe fruit, as a diuretic, horses and cattle take 1 to 2 drams, every 3 hours till water passes freely. Diuretics increase the secretion of urine.
Laudanum.—See ‘ Opium.’
Lead Acetates.—Horses and cattle, ½ to 1 dram; calves and sheep, 10 to 20 grains ; swine, 2 to 4 grains, once or twice a day, in ball or solution. External use— Sugar of lead is used in powder, ointment, or dissolved in 20 to 40 parts of water, with a little vinegar, to in crease its solubility. Goulard’s extract, diluted with 4 to
22 MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES.
6 parts of linseed or olive oil, is a cooling application for blistered or contused surfaces. An equally valuable astringent and anodyne is Goulard’s extract, 1 part, vas- elin or glycerine, 6 to 8 parts. Equal parts of Goulard’s extract and alcohol, diluted with 8 to 10 parts of water, make a useful refrigerant astringent.
Lead Iodide is occasionally prescribed as a gland stim ulant, and applied as a dressing for ringworm and indo lent tumors. Used as ointment or plaster.
Linseed Oil.—As a purgative horses take ½ to 1 pint; cattle, 1 to 2 pints ; sheep and swine, 6 to 12 oz. ; shaken up in linseed gruel, milk, &c. For horses and cattle it is sometimes mixed with a well-made bran mash.
Magnesia.—Colts and calves of 3 or 4 months old, take, as an antacid, ½ to 1 dram. It is conjoined with carminatives and given in milk or gruel. Carminatives allay pain.
Magnesium Sulphate (Epsom Salt).—As a purge, given in 10 or 15 parts of water, cattle take 1 to 1½lb.; calves of 2 or 3 months, 3 to 4 oz.; sheep and swine, 4 to 6 oz. To expedite purgation and prevent nausea and griping, add a dram of ginger to the oz. of salt. One- fifth or one-eighth of these doses are often effectual in removing indigestion, keeping up the action of other cathartics, and as febrifuges and alteratives. On horses, when given alone, it is uncertain. For febrifuge and al terative purposes, in any class of patients, it is conjoined with niter, mineral acids, gentian, and other bitters. Ca thartics are either purges or laxatives. Febrifuges are opposed to or abate fever. Alteratives are supposed to produce salutary changes in diseases, but without excit ing any sensible evacuation.
Mercurous Chloride (Calomel).—As an alterative and febrifuge horses and cattle take 10 grains to 1 dram; sheep and swine, 5 to 30 grains, usually 2 or 3 times a day, and frequently with equal weight of opium, to pre-
MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES.
23
vent too rapid purging. As a purge calomel should be combined thus : For horses—calomel, 1 dram, aloes, 4 drams. Cattle—calomel, 1 to 2 drams, Epsom or com mon salt, 1 lb., or oil, 1 pint. As a vermifuge (worm destroyer) for horses: Calomel, oil of male shield fern, and aloes, 1 dram each; ginger, 4 drams, in ball, with linseed meal and molasses. As an emetic for dogs or swine: Calomel, 2 to 3 grains; tartar emetic, same; or (in place of tartar emetic) 15 to 20 grains ipecac. Calo mel destroys the acari (parasites) of scab and mange, kills lice, abates the itching of eczema and prurigo, removes the scales and heals the cracks of psoriasis, hastens the removal of warts, and is one of the best remedies for thrush in the horse's frog. In the form of ointment, it relieves piles in dogs. It should be used discreetly.
Mercuric Chloride (Corrosive Sublimate).—Horses and cattle, 5 to 8 grains; sheep and large pigs, 1 grain, in water or other simple fluid. For most external uses, a solution is made of 2 to 5 grains to the oz. of water. For itching—corrosive sublimate, 2 grains, prussic acid, 2 drops, water, 1 oz. Ointment—corrosive sublimate, 1 part, fatty matters, 12 to 20 parts, usually the latter; used for skin and parasites.
Mustard.—As a stomachic, carminative, or mild stim ulant horses take 4 to 6 drams; cattle, ½ to 1 oz.; sheep and swine, 1 to 2 drams, in pill or electuary (confection.) Large doses act as emetics in dogs, cats, and swine.
Myrrh.—(A brown-red gum-resin, from the coasts of the Red Sea.) Horses and cattle, 2 drams; sheep and swine, ½ to 1 dram, several times daily, in ball, decoc tion, or tincture ; used with other tonics or with aloes.
Nux Vomica (Strychnine).—Of powdered nux vomica horses take ½ to 1 dram; cattle, 1 to 2 drams; sheep, 10 to 40 grains; swine, 10 to 20 grains. The extract is 8 or 10 times as active as the powder. A tincture is sometimes used. Strychnine is more uniform and more
24
MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES.
readily absorbed than the crude drug, and upward of 50 times more powerful. Horses. 1 to 2 grains; cattle. 2 to 5 grains; sheep. 1-5 to 1 grain. Both forms are usually given twice a day.
Oak Bark.—Horses. 2 to 4 drams; cattle. ½ to 2 oz.; sheep and swine. ½ to 2 drams. It is made with 1 or 2 oz. of bark to a pint of water; given with aromatics and bitters; in dysentery, with opium and starch gruel; in typhoid fever, with camphor and mineral acids.
Olive Oil.—Small doses are occasionally given to horses and other animals to soothe the irritated mucous mem brane in chronic catarrh and bronchitis. Bronchitis is inflammation or catarrh of the bronchial (lung) tubes.
Opium.—Of solid opium horses take 1 to 2 drams; cattle, 2 to 4 drams ; sheep, 10 to 40 grains ; swine, 5 to 20 grains. Of morphine and its salts horses and cattle take 3 to 10 grains; sheep and swine, ½ to 2 grains. For hypodermic injections use the small doses first. Tinc ture of opium (laudanum)—horses and cattle, 1 to 3 oz.; sheep and swine, 2 to 6 drams.
Pepper, Black.—As a stomachic horses take about 1 dram; cattle, 2 drams; sheep and swine, 10 grains to ½ dram, in ball, water, alcohol, or gruel.
Peppermint.—Horses and cattle, 20 to 30 drops, on sugar or in alcohol and water.
Pepsin is a preparation of the mucous lining of the fresh and healthy stomach of pigs, sheep, or calves. Colts and calves, 2 to 10 grains, in water, with a few drops of hydrochloric acid.
Petroleum Benzin is used as a vermifuge, killing even tapeworms. Horses take 2 to 4 drams.
Podophyllum.—(May Apple or Mandrake.) For chol- agogue (cathartic) or sedative purposes horses and cattle take 1 to 2 drams of the resin (podophyllin), with aloes or calomel, or with niter or Epsom salt. Ginger prevents nausea and griping. Sedatives depress the vital forces.
MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES.
25
Potassium Bromide.—Horses and cattle, ½ to 1 oz., every two hours, in water.
Potassium Carbonate and Bicarbonate.—Of either kind horses and cattle take ½ to 1 oz.; sheep and swine, ½ to 1 dram, several times a day. liberally diluted with water. For stimulating gastric secretions they are given half an hour before eating; but in most dyspeptic cases acids are more permanently effectual.
Potassium Chlorate.—(Chlorate of Potash.) Horses, 1 to 4 drams; cattle, 2 to 6 drams; sheep and swine, 20 to 60 grains, 2 or 3 times daily, in ball or solution, alone, or conjoined with bitters, tonics, or stimulants. Most horses will take an ounce a day of their own accord. As a soothing electuary for sore throat, it is conjoined with camphor, belladonna extract, and molasses.
Potassium Iodide.—Horses and cattle, 2 to 6 drams; sheep and swine, 20 to 60 grains, two or three times a day, in ball or solution.
Potassium Nitrate (Niter).—As a diuretic horses take ½ to 1 oz.; cattle, 1 to 2 oz.; sheep, 1 to 2 drams; swine, ½ to 1 dram. For fever ½ the dose, several times daily.
Potassium Permanganate.—As an alterative and feb rifuge horses and cattle take 1 dram, but it is not pref erable to either the nitrate or chlorate.
Potassium Sulphide.—Horses and cattle, 1 to 3 drams, for chronic cough, rheumatism, and skin diseases.
Prussic or Hydrocyanic Acid.—Of the B. P. 2 per cent, acid horses and cattle take 20 drops to 1 dram ; sheep and swine, 10 to 20 drops, 3 or 4 times daily, in sweet ened water.
Quassia Wood.—Of the B. P. infusion (chips, 1 part, cold water, 80 parts, macerated 1 hour) horses and cattle take 2 to 4 oz.; sheep and swine, 4 drams.
Quinine.—See ‘ Cinchona.'
Rhubarb.—As a stomachic and tonic horses take 1 oz.; cattle, 2 oz.; sheep, 1 dram, several times a day. It is
26
MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES.
used as powder, infusion, or tincture. Rhubarb. 2 parts, magnesia, 6 parts, ginger, 1 part, all in fine powder and thoroughly mixed, make an excellent stomachic and ant acid; doses double those of simple rhubarb. In diarrhea in calves and foals it exerts carminative, laxative and sub sequently astringent effects. When the bowels are per sistently relaxed, 2 drams each of rhubarb and magnesia, with ½ a dram of opium, may be given night and morn ing in well-boiled wheat-flour gruel, with 1 or 2 table- spoonfuls of spirits or sweet spirit of niter. One-third or one-half the quantity for lambs. ‘ Spirits ' mean whisky, brandy, gin, rum, &c., as well as alcohol.
Salicylic Acid.—Horses and cattle, 1 to 2 drams; sheep, 10 to 15 grains, every 1 or 2 hours, with an equal quantity of borax to insure solubility ; ball or solution.
Savin.—As a destroyer of worms horses and cattle take 3 or 4 drams of the volatile oil, dissolved in any mild fixed oil, or in mucilage. Decoctions and ointments are used externally.
Silver Nitrate.—Horses and cattle, 2 to 5 grains; sheep, 1 to 2 grains; swine, ½ to 1 grain, 2 or 3 times daily ; ball.
Sodium Carbonates.—Of the carbonate horses and cattle take 1 to 2 drams ; sheep and swine, 10 to 50 grains. The bicarbonate, possessing only about half the strength of the carbonate, is given in double doses; ball or water.
Sodium Sulphate.—As a purgative cattle take 1 to 1½ lb.; sheep, 2 to 4 oz., in ginger and molasses, followed by a liberal supply of chilled water.
Sodium Sulphites and Hyposulphites.—Of the sul phites horses and cattle take ½ to 1 oz.; sheep and swine, ½ to 1 dram. Of the hyposulphites ½ these doses. Take either several times daily, in powder or solution, or with food.
Sodium Chloride (Common Salt.)—As a purgative adult cattle take ¾ to 1 lb.; sheep, 1 to 3 oz.
Sodium Chlorata.—Of the B. P. solution (about 2½
MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES. 27
per cent, of the available chlorine), horses and cattle take
1 to 2 oz.; sheep and swine, 1 to 2 drams, in water. Spirit of Nitrous Ether.—As a stimulant and antispas-
modic horses take 1 to 3 oz.; cattle, 1 to 4 oz.; sheep,
2 to 4 drams; swine, 1 to 2 drams. Do not mix with other medicines or water till ready to give. Give in cold water or linseed tea. Antispasmodics allay spasms.
Squill.—Horses take ½ dram of the sirup. The acetate and tincture are given in about half the dose of the sirup.
Strophanthus.—Of the tincture (1 part to 20 of rec tified spirit) horses take ½ to 1 dram. The seeds are used in Africa as an arrow poison.
Strychnine.—See ‘Nux Vomica.'
Sugar.—Of sugar and molasses, as laxatives, horses and cattle take 1 pound; sheep, 3 to 4 oz.; swine, 2 to 3 oz., given, with aromatics and salines, in water, milk, gruel, or mash.
Sulphur.—As a laxative horses take 1 to 4 oz.; cattle,
3 to 6 oz.; sheep and swine, 4 drams to 1 oz. As an alterative ¼ the quantity.
Sulphurous Acid.—Of the B. P. solution horses and cattle take 1 to 2 oz.; sheep and swine, ½ to 1 dram, every 3 or 4 hours, in water or other mild fluid.
Taraxacum (Dandelion Root).—The fresh succus is the best preparation. Horses about 1 oz.
Thymol.—For vesical catarrh horses take 5 to 20 grains. Its chief use is in antiseptic surgery.
Turpentine.—Horses and cattle, 1 to 3 oz.; sheep, 1 to 3 drams; swine, 1 to 2 drams, in milk, oils, eggs, &c. The larger doses are stimulant and antispasmodic; the smaller, frequently repeated, are diuretic and inspissant (thickening).
Turpentine Oil (Spirit).—As a stimulant and anti- spasmodic horses and cattle take 1 to 2 oz.; as a diuretic ½ to 1 oz.; as an adjuvant cathartic or vermifuge about 2 oz., combined with aloes in solution, castor or linseed
28
MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES.
oil. iron salts, quassia, gentian or other bitters. Large cattle take double these doses. Sheep and swine, 1 to 4 drams; given in mild oils, linseed gruel, milk, &c. An adjuvant medicine is introduced into a prescription to aid the operation of the chief ingredient or basis.
Valerian.—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 oz., several times daily, in powder or infusion, conjoined with ginger, gen tian, or camphor, or dissolved in spirit of ammonia.
Veratrum Viridi and Album.—(Green and White Hellebore Rhizome.) Of the powder horses and cattle, ½ to 1 dram; sheep and swine, 20 to 30 grains, every 3 or 4 hours, in ball or dilute alcohol. Used externally in the several forms of powder, watery decoction (improved by a little spirit), and ointment, made with 1 part of veratrum to 8 of vaselin or lard. It is occasionally applied with tar or sulphur dressings.
Verd igris, Blue (Copper Subacetate) is an irritant poison, and is rarely used internally. It is used exter nally as a caustic, stimulant, astringent, and antiseptic.
Water is a valuable diluent, febrifuge, and evacuant. It should be given moderately cold and at frequent in tervals. Except for a few hours previous to great exer tion, and when hungry, overheated, and prostrated, healthy horses should not be restricted in their water supply. But it must always be given judiciously, especially to the sick.
Zinc Oxide.—Horses and cattle, 2 to 4 drams, in ball or solution. For external use there are solutions, lini ments, ointments, and pastes or powders.
Zinc Sulphate.—As an astringent and tonic for horses and cattle, 1 to 3 drams; sheep, 10 to 20 grains, in solid or fluid state. As an emetic for swine and dogs 8 to 15 grains, in 2 or 3 ounces of water. Externally it is used in powder or solution—30 to 60 parts of water for the latter. Zinc sulphate, ¾ oz., lead acetate, 1 oz., water, 1 quart, constitute the well-known ‘ white lotion.' It is a valuable astringent, sedative, and antiseptic.
MEDICINES AND THEIR DOSES. 29
The foregoing doses, except where otherwise specified, are for adult animals of medium size. Stallions, bulls, and rams, owing to their larger size, require larger doses. Difference of sex does not materially affect dosage in the lower animals. Doses must be adapted to the age of the patient. It is usually estimated that a 1-year-old colt requires one-third the quantity of any medicine given an adult horse ; a 2-year-old, one-half ; a 3-year-old, two- thirds. A somewhat similar proportion is applicable to cattle.
Medicines are usually given (1) internally, that is, by the stomach ; (2) by inhalation ; (3) by absorption through the skin. The latter mode has also three ways of ad ministration—epidermically, by in-rubbing ; endermically, by removing the epidermis (skin) ; hypodermically, by injection into the tissues under the skin. A ready but less prompt or certain substitute for hypodermic injection with a syringe, consists in coating a thread with a strong solution of the medicine to be introduced, and drawing it through the skin. Medicine may be injected into the veins or arteries ; but this mode is rare and usually ex perimental.
But first, if you want to come back to this web site again, just add it to your bookmarks or favorites now! Then you'll find it easy!
Also, please consider sharing our helpful website with your online friends.
Submit this to:
Copyright © 2000-present Donald Urquhart. All Rights Reserved. All universal rights reserved. Designated trademarks and brands are the property of their respective owners. Use of this Web site constitutes acceptance of our legal disclaimer. | Contact Us | Privacy Policy | About Us |
|